What causes hammertoes
Hammertoes develop when the muscles and tendons that hold the toe straight become imbalanced. Contributors include inherited foot structure, bunions, nerve or muscle conditions, past injury, and shoes that crowd the toes. The second toe is the one most often affected.
Flexible versus rigid
A flexible hammertoe can still be straightened by hand. A rigid hammertoe has stiffened in the bent position. This distinction matters because it largely determines which treatments are likely to help.
Common symptoms
- A toe that bends downward or curls under
- Corns on top of the bent joint or calluses on the tip of the toe
- Pain or irritation when wearing shoes
- Difficulty moving the toe
- Redness or swelling around the joint
Non-surgical treatment
- Shoes with a deep, roomy toe box
- Padding, sleeves or inserts to reduce pressure on the joint
- Orthotics to correct the mechanics that strain the toe
- Toe stretching and strengthening exercises for flexible deformities
When surgery is considered
If a hammertoe is rigid, painful, or keeps producing corns or sores despite shoe and padding changes, surgery may be recommended. Procedures can involve releasing or transferring tendons, removing a small portion of bone at the bent joint, or fusing the joint in a straighter position. The approach depends on how stiff the toe is and what is driving the deformity, and it is discussed with you before any decision is made.
What to expect at your visit
A first visit typically includes a review of your symptoms and history, an examination of the foot and ankle (often including how you stand and walk), and imaging such as X-rays when needed. Dr. Ajdari will explain your options, including non-surgical care, so the two of you can choose a plan that fits your goals.
This page is for general education and is not a substitute for an examination and advice from a qualified clinician. Treatment recommendations depend on your individual situation. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call 911.